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Open Access Article

1 - Jurisprudential and Legal Study of Provisos after Cancellation
Seyed Mohammad Hadi Saei Maryam Saqafi

Cancellation is reached when both parties have consent over the termination of the contract. This means the end of the contract effects and the resulting commitments. This, however, relates to the future; therefore, it is not like nullification of the contract. It does More

Cancellation is reached when both parties have consent over the termination of the contract. This means the end of the contract effects and the resulting commitments. This, however, relates to the future; therefore, it is not like nullification of the contract. It does not have retrospective impact, and consequently it does not affect the pre-cancellation consequences. This point has been neglected by some and in their explanation of rules regarding provisos after cancellation they maintain that all conditions are nullified including attributes, performance and collateral events. Pursuant to this, the Civil Code in Article 246 stipulates that when a contract is terminated by mutual consent, its terms become null and void, whereas rules regarding and effects of each proviso are different and Article 246 shall not be attributable to all of them. This means that the condition of attribute is not within the prerogative of the said article and hence it is not nullified, but also it returns to the initial owner according to the subject of transaction. The condition of collateral events, due to its certain characteristics, is realized immediately after the conclusion of the contract, thus it cannot be nullified or waived either. In the meantime, only the condition of performance, either negative or positive, is nullified due to cancellation although it leaves behind consequences that are analyzable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A Jurisprudential Study of Guaranteeing Principal Capital in Commissioned Manufacture Bonds
Masoumeh Mazaheri Hamideh Goushi Dehaqi

Abstract:In Islamic Sharia law, with respect to the rule of the association of profit and loss, basically the principal capital return is not guaranteed. Therefore, gaining real profit is always associated with the possibility of loss and damage. Whereas in Islamic fina More

Abstract:In Islamic Sharia law, with respect to the rule of the association of profit and loss, basically the principal capital return is not guaranteed. Therefore, gaining real profit is always associated with the possibility of loss and damage. Whereas in Islamic financial mechanisms such as commissioned manufacture bonds, the payment of the nominal value included in the bonds is guaranteed by the publisher in due date. Therefore, the owners of the bonds who are the investors of transactions will not sustain a loss or receive a reward for the reduction or increase in the value of the project upon receiving the nominal value of the bonds (principal capital). However, an analysis of the procedure for publication of the bonds, makes it clear that in commissioned manufacture bonds based on interest, the receipt of nominal value of the bonds will be realized according to the entitlement of the owners in due date proportionate to the total value of the amount due. Also guaranteeing the principal capital by the publisher of the commissioned manufacture bonds is according to the liability of the seller to pay for the object of sale. Moreover, the owners of the bonds as the buyers only own the amount due in duty of the debtor and they shall have no right in project thus commissioned. In this sense, any increase or reduction in the value of the project will have no effect in the amount of their claim. Whereas the owners of commissioned manufacture bonds along with rent with an ownership option are the joint owners of the project, thus in case of increase in project value in connection with the nominal value of the bonds, they are entitled to claim the value added. This is because according to the rule of logics the owner of actual property deserves to take a share of the increase in value of actual property value as he is to sustain the damages incurred on the actual property. Similarly, the reduction in project value in proportion to the nominal value of the commissioned manufacture bonds along with the rent with an ownership option, must be attributable to the joint owners, i.e. investors. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Legal-Jurisprudential Analysis of Conditional Sale Option in Relation to Transactions with Right of Restitution
Saeed Karami

Abstract: There is divergence of opinions on contracting or pledging in optional sale. Imamiyah jurists endorse the act and consider it as an instance of sale in nature. Sunni jurists identify optional sale as bay’ al-Wafa or buyback sale, associating it with a pledge ( More

Abstract: There is divergence of opinions on contracting or pledging in optional sale. Imamiyah jurists endorse the act and consider it as an instance of sale in nature. Sunni jurists identify optional sale as bay’ al-Wafa or buyback sale, associating it with a pledge (rahn) contract. The conditional sale can be analyzed in two ways: First, the conditional sale involving the contractual relationship between mortgagor (seller) and mortgagee (buyer) stipulated in Article 34 of the Law on Registration of Deeds; Second, the conditional sale that does not govern the contractural relationship between the seller and buyer, and it is a real sale under articles 485-462 of the Law. The conditional sale governing the contractural relationship between the mortgagor and mortgagee is an instance of transaction with the right of restitution (Article 33 of the Law). This is why the law has considered the request for registration of the property in conditional sale as a right for the debtor, because in this type of conditional sale the buyer does not intend to conclude a contract of sale. Any negligence of this criterion will raise ambiguities: First, any conditional sale will be taken as the one with the right of restitution, whereas it is otherwise. Second, the real conditional sale has been well stipulated in Article 399 of the Civil Code; therefore, all sales stipulated in Article 399 of the Civil Code must be considered as the transactions with the right of restitution. It is clear that the existence of the element of option in a sale contract does not mean it is an instance of transaction with the right of restitution. Articles 33 and 34 of the Law on Registration of Deeds are not exclusive to provisions of Article 459, because this article is not about the conditional sale governing the contractual relationship between the mortgagor and mortgagee, whereas articles 33 and 34 of the Law govern such relationship. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Legal Status of Contracts Contradicting Conditional Agreements
Mohammad Mohammad Baramai Abbas Asgari

Abstract: Although in conditional contracts the effects of contract appear after realization of the conditionality of the contract, that does not mean the conditional contract lacks its effects before realization of the conditionality. Therefore, in alienative contracts More

Abstract: Although in conditional contracts the effects of contract appear after realization of the conditionality of the contract, that does not mean the conditional contract lacks its effects before realization of the conditionality. Therefore, in alienative contracts, the effect of conditional contract before meeting its conditions shall be attributed to the buyer as a sort of conditional ownership. Perhaps it is because of such right for the promisee in the conditional contract (before meeting the conditions) that any contract contradicting with it may be pronounced non-effective or void. However, a review of the statements of evidence of each one of the three reasons for nullity, ineffectuality and authenticity of such contracts it can be claimed that any contract contradicting conditional contract is sound and valid. This, however, does not mean ignoring the promisee’s rights in conditional contract; rather, by virtue of the conditional contract, the object of transaction along with the buyer’s legitimate right in conditional contract will be transferred to the promisee as is. Of course, for final decision on the conditional contract, the parties should wait for the final status of the conditionality in the contract. In case of failure to meet the conditions, the real right of the buyer in conditional contract over the object of transaction will be null and void and when the conditions are met, one should see when the effects of the conditional contract will be valid. In the meantime, there should be a distinction between formation and validity of the contract vis-à-vis the promisee of the conditional contract. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Study of Conceptual Authority in Discerning the Condition of Banning Halal and Authorizing Haram in Imamiya Jurisprudence
Seyed Abolqasem Naqibi Sajjad Razaghi

The condition of banning Halal and authorizing of Haram is one of the most important discussions in Imamiya jurisprudence. Jurists consider the proviso enforceable in case the condition does not ban Halal nor authorize Haram. There is difference of opinion among them on More

The condition of banning Halal and authorizing of Haram is one of the most important discussions in Imamiya jurisprudence. Jurists consider the proviso enforceable in case the condition does not ban Halal nor authorize Haram. There is difference of opinion among them on conceptual authority in discerning the condition of banning Halal and authorizing Haram. Some jurists like Sheikh Ansari are of the opinion that the condition leading to authorization of an unchangeable rule on Haram and banning an unchangeable rule on Halal, shall be considered an instance of banning Halal and authorizing of Haram. Some other jurists, like Mohaqeq Yazdi and Nayini believe that the verdicts must first be divided into mandatory and conditional rules before expressing any authorization or banning. In mandatory rules, the late Naraqi – like Sheikh Ansari – only considers commitment to unchangeable rules (Wajib or religiously obligatory act and Haram or religiously forbidden) against the Book and Sunnah or tradition, however, commitment to act or avoid to act in permissible rules is allowed. Also, he says any change in conditional rules by setting a condition is against the Sharia law. Some other jurists, like Imam Khomeini, have resorted to the common law in expressing the quality of authority in its discernment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Fundamentals of “Principle of Unconditionality of Commercial Paper Obligations” in Iran’s Jurisprudence and Law
Akram Safiri Farzaneh Karimi

The role commercial papers play in transactions and economic relations is this that they are appropriate substitutes for cash in payments. Along with easy, fast and safe transfer and turn-over, they guarantee the rights of the owner as well. Realization of this will be More

The role commercial papers play in transactions and economic relations is this that they are appropriate substitutes for cash in payments. Along with easy, fast and safe transfer and turn-over, they guarantee the rights of the owner as well. Realization of this will be possible when obligations of the signatories of the papers are expressed absolutely and clearly, not conditioned to anything else. The prerequisites calling for unconditionality of commercial papers are considered among the fundamentals of this principle, which we have studied in this paper in two sections of “legal requirements” (the need for using commercial papers instead of cash, the need for meeting speed, ease and security in carrying and transfer of commercial papers and the need for protecting the rights of the commercial paper owners) and “jurisprudential requirements” (exigency of protecting property and preventing disruption in economic system). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - A Comparison of Mortgage Contract and Transaction with Right of Restitution through an Approach based on Existing Precedent
Gholamali Sedghi

Abstract: Transaction with right of restitution refers to any supplementary and commutative contract in which the assignor reserves the right for himself to reject consideration and restitute transferred property. In view of the law on registration of deeds and real est More

Abstract: Transaction with right of restitution refers to any supplementary and commutative contract in which the assignor reserves the right for himself to reject consideration and restitute transferred property. In view of the law on registration of deeds and real estates, transaction with right of restitution is a combined contract of rendable property and mortgage. There are, however, differences between transaction with right of restitution and mortgage including this that the contract interests belongs to the transferee in the transaction with the right of restitution while corpus interests of the mortgaged property belong to the mortgagee. By virtue of Article 324 of the law on registration of deeds and real estates and the existing precedent, all the benefits belong to the purchaser and given religious rules and regulations, this stipulation is the same as the debt interest. However, if we ignore the right of the purchaser to collect interests, given the degree of inflation and devaluation of money, we have equally ignored commutative justice in his case. Therefore, belongingness of the interests to him seems to be possible via bartering and realization of relative balance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - An Analysis of Dissolving Condition based on Evidence of Conditional Sale in Iranian Law and Imamiyah Jurisprudence
Alireza Abin

A broad interpretation of the dissolving condition indicates that it is a condition realization of which revokes undertaking(s) between the obligor and the obligee and cancels the contract or other similar legal instruments from the beginning (with a retroactive effect) More

A broad interpretation of the dissolving condition indicates that it is a condition realization of which revokes undertaking(s) between the obligor and the obligee and cancels the contract or other similar legal instruments from the beginning (with a retroactive effect). There is no express legal text on the rule of dissolving condition in domestic standing laws. This has given birth to diversified reasoning by the legal experts. Moreover, in legal terms, the approach followed by Imamiyah jurists vis-à-vis this legal institution is not identical so that some consider it problematic based on such evidences as principle of definitiveness of conditions, inconsistency of dissolving condition with requirement of nature of condition and lack of legality of evidences on conditions. On the contrary, some believe in the soundness of the institution of dissolving condition based on the legality of the evidences on conditions. This paper is devoted to analysis of consequent opinions and approaches of experts to finally put forth its selected viewpoint on feasibility of soundness and use of such institution in Iranian law and Imamiyah jurisprudence and prove legal soundness of its application on attachment of Articles 232 and 233 of Civil Law to Articles 10 and 975 of the same law. However, it seems that the generality of evidences on conditions prove legality of conditions in creating or destroying the legal effects. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Typology of Rules of Quran and Tradition in Comparing and Contrasting Criterion of Contradiction in Principle of Conditions
Mohammadreza Khalilzadeh

The important status of the principle of conditions in jurisprudence and the rights of undertakings is something clear. The recent version of this principle excludes conditions countering the Book (Holy Quran) and tradition. Identifying the conditions countering the Boo More

The important status of the principle of conditions in jurisprudence and the rights of undertakings is something clear. The recent version of this principle excludes conditions countering the Book (Holy Quran) and tradition. Identifying the conditions countering the Book and tradition and putting forth a regulation to help the experts in Islamic law, jurists, and in cases the judges in comparing and contrasting instances of contradiction to the Book and tradition, will be very helpful. The classification of orders by the Book and tradition into positive and imperative rules, and the imperative rules into mandatory and non-mandatory, the researcher came to know the difference in the existence of criterion contradictory to the Book and tradition. This paper has embarked on typology of Quran and tradition and presenting a criterion for readdressing the condition contradictory to the Book and tradition. Manuscript profile

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